By the late 1970s the economy began to struggle with rapid inflation and disaffected workers in both the public and private sector went on strike. "As the foreigners reveled on drink forbidden by Islam, Iranians were not only excluded from the festivities, some were starving. In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. How many students or faculty were killed is not known.[1][3][4]. [241], In January 1980, Abolhassan Banisadr was elected president of Iran. [Note 8] For some it was "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history,"[281] while other Iranians believe that the revolution was a time when "for a few years we all lost our minds",[282] and which "promised us heaven, but created a hell on earth. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets shouting "Burn the Shah!" More than this is intolerable, either for me or for you or for any other Iranian. [9][101][132] Street marches declined and oil production began increasing once again, nearly reaching pre-revolutionary levels. [6][101][109][143] Ambassador Sullivan disagreed, and attempted to pressure Huyser to ignore the military and work directly with Khomeini's opposition. From 1941 to 1979, Iran was ruled by King Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah. [178] The policy enacted by the revolutionary government and its attempts to limit the rights of women were challenged by the mobilization and politicization of women that occurred during and after the revolution. [14][131] Khomeini rapidly became a household name in the West, portraying himself as an "Eastern mystic" who did not seek power, but instead sought to "free" his people from "oppression." Inevitably, the overlapping authority of the Revolutionary Council (which had the power to pass laws) and Bazargan's government was a source of conflict,[198] despite the fact that both had been approved by and/or put in place by Khomeini. On October 31, oil workers also went on strike, bringing the oil industry to a halt. Iran had immense oil wealth, a long border with the Soviet Union, and a nationalist prime minister. In more traditional villages, however, the new laws were rarely enforced. Bazargan's resignation was received by Khomeini without complaint, saying "Mr. Bazargan was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while." In turn, Shariatmadari pledged that to make sure that there would be no violence during the demonstrations. [6], On 19 August, in the southwestern city of Abadan, four arsonists barred the door of the Cinema Rex movie theatre and set it on fire. It is rare for a revolution to involve as much as 1 percent of a country's population; the French, Russian, and Romanian revolutions may have passed the 1 percent mark. For the first time in more than half a century, the secular intellectualsmany of whom were fascinated by the populist appeal of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a former professor of philosophy in Qom who had been exiled in 1964 after speaking out harshly against the shahs recent reform programabandoned their aim of reducing the authority and power of the Shii ulama (religious scholars) and argued that, with the help of the ulama, the shah could be overthrown. Religion is a moral, an aspect in life that is, in a sense, a motive to keep on living. The Iranian Revolution (Persian: , Enqelb-e Irn [eelbe in]), or the Islamic Revolution ( , Enqelb-e Eslm),[4] refers to a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. As Ervand Abrahamian pointed out: "The White Revolution had been designed to preempt a Red Revolution. It led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic government of Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. Reasons advanced for the revolution and its populist, nationalist, and later Shia Islamic character include: The Shah's regime was seen as an oppressive, brutal,[34][35] corrupt and lavish regime by some of the society's classes at that time. [177], Some argue that this politicization and mobilization of women made it difficult for the new regime to push them out of the public and political spheres. While land owners raked in profits from sales, many sharecroppers failed to subsist on their own crops, let alone make a profit. The Shah's White Revolution program of modernization was welcomed by affluent, educated city society but it largely failed among the country's predominantly rural population. Remember that one group is researching PRE-Islamic revolution, and one group is researching POST-Islamic revolution. [6][14][116][133] The Shah ordered the arrest of 100 officials from his own government for charges of corruption, including former prime minister Amir Abbas-Hoveyda and former SAVAK head Nematollah Nassiri. [322] GDP per capita (PPP) has grown from $4,295 in 1980 to $11,396 in 2010. Culture galcec 690 views . Some 300 students required hospital treatment. [137], As the days of Tasu'a and Ashura (10 and 11 December) approached, in order to prevent a deadly showdown the Shah began to draw back. Trade with the West, which was curtailed after the revolution because of sanctions, was a boost to the economy. The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, . For example, organized feminism which was around since the Pahlavi dynasty, joined the revolutionary movement after the Shah dropped the cabinet position on Women's Affairs to appease the Islamists. In 2006, there were rumors of universities internally "bracing" for "tighter state control over student bodies and faculties and perhaps even the second Cultural Revolution.'" Iran was also struggling to find replacement parts for much of its US- and British-supplied equipment. Also some believe that it is indispensable to revive the religious gathered in Hoseyniyeh-e-Ershad.[330]. Persian Constitutional Revolution (19051911), Mosaddegh and The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (19511952), Rise and exile of Ayatollah Khomeini (19631979), Consolidation of the opposition (FebruaryMarch), Appointment of Jafar Sharif-Emami as prime minister (11 August), Declaration of martial law and the Jaleh Square Massacre (8 September), University of Tehran protest (5 November), Appointment of a military government (6 November), Tasu'a and Ashura marches (1011 December), Demoralization of the Army (December, 1978), American and internal negotiations with the opposition (late December, 1978), Bakhtiar's premiership and Khomeini's return (JanuaryFebruary, 1979), Armed battles and collapse of the monarchy (February, 1979), Khomeini's rhetoric on women's participation, Academic literature on women's participation, Establishment of Islamic republic government. [6], The Shah decided to continue on his plan of liberalization and to negotiate rather than to use force against the still-nascent protest movement:[109][110][111][116] he promised that fully democratic elections for the Majlis would be held in 1979; censorship was relaxed; a resolution was drafted to help reduce corruption within the royal family and the government;[111] and protesters were tried in civilian courts rather than by military court-martials and were quickly released. [207] Violations of human rights by the theocratic government is said to be worse than during the monarchy,[305] and in any case extremely grave. I find it amazing that religion can influence and change so many lives, but not when church and state are not aligned. On the day of his arrival Khomeini made clear his rejection of Bakhtiar's government in a speech promising, "I shall kick their teeth in. Efforts toward satisfactory reform were continually stifled, however, amid reemerging social tensions as well as foreign intervention from Russia, the United Kingdom, and, later, the United States. Bakhtiar went into hiding, eventually to find exile in France. [292][293] By 2002, illiteracy rates dropped by more than half. Ruhollah Khomeini., Aanmoen, Oskar. The event became known to foreign observers as "The Day Tehran Burned. [245], By mid-1981 matters came to a head. [178] However, most of these women expected the revolution to lead to an increase in their rights and opportunities rather than the restrictions that actually occurred. Historically, tradition maintained that women be confined to their homes so that they could manage the household and raise children. Pardis MAHDAVI - Iran's Youth Movement in Context (Annabelle is going to contact her to see if we can negotiate a revision as she is refusing at the moment) 3. Crowds in excess of one million demonstrated in Tehrn, proving the wide appeal of Khomeini, who arrived in Iran amid wild rejoicing on February 1. A student organization of St. Marys University of San Antonio, Texas, featuring scholarly research, writing, and media from students of all disciplines. Khomeini immediately declared that "4,000 innocent protesters were massacred by Zionists," which gave him a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government. Khomeini attacked the MEK, referring to them as monafeqin (hypocrites) and kafer (unbelievers). culture in iran pre revolution - islamiccenterofnaperville.org . The ouster of Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, formally marked the end of Iran's historical monarchy.[5]. But in little more than a generation, Iran had changed from a traditional, conservative, and rural society to one that was industrial, modern, and urban. How could Islam be a religion of peace and the claims made towards it when it degrades the state of a society? Furthermore, women later responded to Khomeini's urgings to vote in favor of the Islamic Republic and the new constitution. The motivations of women for being part of the revolutions were complex and varied among a plethora of religious, political and economic reasons[177] and women participating were from various classes and backgrounds. The result of the lectures was the book "An inquiry into principles of Mar'jaiyat". Like his father, the Shah's government was known for its autocracy, its focus on modernization and Westernization, and for its disregard for religious[citation needed] and democratic measures in Iran's constitution. [118], Against the wishes of Khomeini, Shariatmadari called for 17 June mourning protests to be carried out as a one-day stay. One student was reportedly lynched, and according to a British correspondent, the campus was left looking like an `a combat zone.` The next day, Hezbollahis ransacked left-wing student offices at Shiraz University. They led to a chasm between the monarchy and powerful Muslim clerics -- among them the popular Ayatollah Khomeini -- and would eventually lead to the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Russia had sought Iran on expanding arms trade over the past three decades especially with the cooperation with the Assad government during the Syrian civil war. Iran was under constant US unilateral sanctions, which were tightened under the presidency of Bill Clinton. [172] There were also other groups of women with various agendas that sometimes converged and sometimes diverged from the Islamic Republic's political positions. According to Bernard Lewis: "Iran was indeed Islamized, but it was not Arabized. [109] Units of Imperial Iranian Army were deployed to the city to restore order, and the death toll, according to government was 6,[114] while Khomeini claimed hundreds were "martyred. During the Pahlavi era, there was a drastic change towards women's segregation: ban of the veil, right to vote, right to education, equal salaries for . [105] On 9 January 1978, seminary students and other people demonstrated in the city, which was cracked down on by the Shah's security forces shooting live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent. [290][291], Literacy has continued to increase under the Islamic Republic. The situation in Iran, and in the Middle East in general is something that those people do not deserve to be experiencing. This loss of job skills and capital weakened Iran's economy. About 5% of the population had taken to the streets in the Muharram protests. Other reforms included the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests and profit sharing in industry. Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the Iranian Revolution, was the grandson and son of Shiite religious leaders.
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